الكلام المنقول (Reported Speech): القواعد الشاملة لإرجاع الزمن وتغيير الظروف
يُعد إتقان الكلام المنقول (Reported Speech)، المعروف أيضاً باسم الكلام غير المباشر (Indirect Speech)، مهارة متقدمة وأساسية لنقل ما قاله شخص آخر بطلاقة ودقة في اللغة الإنجليزية. تتطلب هذه العملية أكثر من مجرد إزالة علامات الاقتباس، بل تتضمن تغييراً منهجياً في زمن الفعل (Tense Backshift)، الضمائر (Pronouns)، والظروف الزمنية والمكانية (Time and Place Adverbs). الهدف هو الحفاظ على معنى الكلام الأصلي مع عكس حقيقة أن الكلام لم يعد يُقال في اللحظة أو المكان الأصليين.
يرتكز الدرس على قاعدة إرجاع الزمن (Backshift)، والتي تقضي بإعادة زمن الفعل خطوة إلى الماضي عندما يكون فعل القول (مثل said أو told) في صيغة الماضي. سنتناول بالتفصيل كيفية تحويل كل زمن، من المضارع البسيط (Simple Present) إلى الماضي البسيط (Simple Past)، ومن الماضي البسيط (Simple Past) إلى الماضي التام (Past Perfect). سنغطي أيضاً كيفية التعامل مع الأفعال الناقصة (Modals) وتحويلها (Will إلى Would، Can إلى Could)، بالإضافة إلى القواعد الخاصة بتحويل الأسئلة (Questions) والأوامر (Commands) إلى كلام منقول. هذا الدليل المفصّل سيضمن لك إتقان هذه المهارة المعقدة والأساسية للتواصل الأكاديمي واليومي.
1. قاعدة إرجاع الزمن (Tense Backshift)
مدخل (إضافي):
قاعدة Backshift هي العمود الفقري للكلام المنقول. إذا كان فعل القول (مثل said, told, claimed) في الماضي، فيجب تحويل زمن الجملة داخل الاقتباس إلى الزمن الماضي الأبعد المقابل له ليعكس التغير الزمني بين لحظة القول ولحظة النقل.
القاعدة النحوية والشرح المفصل:
عندما يكون فعل القول في الماضي، يجب إرجاع زمن الفعل في الجملة المنقولة خطوة إلى الماضي. هذا هو الترتيب الذي يجب اتباعه بالتفصيل:
- المضارع البسيط (Simple Present): يتحول إلى الماضي البسيط (Simple Past). (مثال: I work → he worked)
- المضارع المستمر (Present Continuous): يتحول إلى الماضي المستمر (Past Continuous). (مثال: I am working → he was working)
- الماضي البسيط (Simple Past): يتحول إلى الماضي التام (Past Perfect). (مثال: I worked → he had worked)
- المضارع التام (Present Perfect): يتحول أيضاً إلى الماضي التام (Past Perfect). (مثال: I have worked → he had worked)
- الماضي المستمر (Past Continuous): يتحول إلى الماضي التام المستمر (Past Perfect Continuous). (مثال: I was working → he had been working)
- Will: يتحول إلى Would.
- Can: يتحول إلى Could.
- May: يتحول إلى Might.
- Must/Have to: تتحول عادةً إلى Had to.
ملاحظة هامة: إذا كان فعل القول في المضارع (مثل He says)، أو إذا كانت الجملة تعبر عن حقيقة علمية أو دائمة، فلا يتم إرجاع الزمن.
أمثلة (10 أمثلة على إرجاع الزمن):
Direct: He said, "I am busy." – قال: "أنا مشغول."
Reported: He said that he was busy. (مضارع بسيط ← ماضي بسيط)
Direct: She said, "I will call you." – قالت: "سأتصل بك."
Reported: She said that she would call me. (Will ← Would)
Direct: They said, "We finished the work." – قالوا: "أنهينا العمل."
Reported: They said that they had finished the work. (ماضي بسيط ← ماضي تام)
Direct: John said, "I am going to the mall." – قال جون: "أنا ذاهب إلى المول."
Reported: John said that he was going to the mall. (مضارع مستمر ← ماضي مستمر)
Direct: My boss said, "I can't approve this." – قال مديري: "لا أستطيع الموافقة على هذا."
Reported: My boss said that he couldn\'t approve that. (Can\'t ← Couldn\'t)
Direct: He told me, "I have never seen snow." – قال لي: "لم أر الثلج قط."
Reported: He told me that he had never seen snow. (مضارع تام ← ماضي تام)
Direct: She said, "I must study tonight." – قالت: "يجب أن أدرس الليلة."
Reported: She said that she had to study that night. (Must ← Had to)
Direct: The man explained, "I was waiting for the bus." – أوضح الرجل: "كنت أنتظر الحافلة."
Reported: The man explained that he had been waiting for the bus. (ماضي مستمر ← ماضي تام مستمر)
Direct: They said, "We may be late." – قالوا: "قد نتأخر."
Reported: They said that they might be late. (May ← Might)
Direct: My sister said, "The train leaves at 7 AM." – قالت أختي: "القطار يغادر الساعة 7 صباحاً."
Reported: My sister said that the train left at 7 AM. (مضارع بسيط ← ماضي بسيط)
2. تغيير الضمائر والظروف الزمنية والمكانية
مدخل (إضافي):
بمجرد إتمام قاعدة إرجاع الزمن، يجب علينا تصحيح جميع الضمائر والظروف (Adverbs). يتم تغيير الضمائر لتعكس المتحدث والمستمع في سياق النقل (مثلاً، I يصبح he/she)، كما تتغير الظروف لتناسب البعد الزمني والمكاني الجديد.
القاعدة النحوية والشرح المفصل:
تغيير الضمائر (مثل I, We, You) يتم بشكل منطقي ليتناسب مع من يروي القصة (المتحدث) ومن يسمعها (المستمع). أما التغييرات الثابتة للظروف الزمنية والمكانية، فهي أساسية ويجب حفظها:
| في الكلام المباشر (Direct) | يصبح في الكلام المنقول (Reported) |
|---|---|
| Now | Then / Immediately |
| Today | That day |
| Tomorrow | The next day / The following day |
| Yesterday | The day before / The previous day |
| Next week/month/year | The following week/month/year |
| Last week/month/year | The previous week/month/year |
| Here | There |
| This / These | That / Those |
تطبيق هذه التغييرات يضمن أن الجملة المنقولة منطقية ومناسبة لسياقها الزمني والمكاني الجديد.
أمثلة (10 أمثلة على تغيير الظروف والضمائر):
Direct: The teacher said, "I will test you tomorrow." – قال المعلم: "سأختبركم غداً."
Reported: The teacher said that he would test us the next day.
Direct: He told me, "I saw you yesterday." – قال لي: "رأيتك البارحة."
Reported: He told me he had seen me the previous day.
Direct: She said, "I am leaving now." – قالت: "أنا مغادرة الآن."
Reported: She said that she was leaving then.
Direct: They said, "We went to Paris last year." – قالوا: "ذهبنا إلى باريس العام الماضي."
Reported: They said they had gone to Paris the previous year.
Direct: My mother said, "I will be here today." – قالت أمي: "سأكون هنا اليوم."
Reported: My mother said she would be there that day.
Direct: He complained, "I can\'t find my keys here." – اشتكى: "لا أجد مفاتيحي هنا."
Reported: He complained that he couldn\'t find his keys there.
Direct: She asked, "Are you buying this book?" – سألت: "هل تشتري هذا الكتاب؟"
Reported: She asked if I was buying that book.
Direct: The client asked, "When will you send the report?" – سأل العميل: "متى سترسل التقرير؟"
Reported: The client asked when I would send the report.
Direct: I told him, "You must leave right now." – قلت له: "يجب أن تغادر الآن فوراً."
Reported: I told him he had to leave immediately.
Direct: He announced, "I am happy to be here this evening." – أعلن: "أنا سعيد بوجودي هنا هذا المساء."
Reported: He announced that he was happy to be there that evening.
3. الكلام المنقول للأسئلة والأوامر
القاعدة النحوية والشرح المفصل:
يتطلب نقل الأسئلة والأوامر بنية مختلفة تماماً عن نقل الجمل الخبرية العادية:
1. الكلام المنقول للأسئلة:
- فعل القول: نستخدم أفعال مثل asked، wondered، enquired.
- الأسئلة التي إجابتها نعم/لا: نستخدم الرابط if أو whether بعد فعل القول.
- أسئلة المعلومات (Wh- questions): نستخدم أداة السؤال نفسها (Where, What, When, إلخ) كرابط.
- ترتيب الجملة: يجب تحويل السؤال إلى صيغة جملة خبرية عادية (أي نضع الفاعل قبل الفعل) ويتم تطبيق قاعدة إرجاع الزمن.
2. الكلام المنقول للأوامر والنصائح والطلبات:
- فعل القول: نستخدم أفعال مثل told، ordered، advised، requested.
- الصيغة: نستخدم الصيغة to + الفعل في المصدر (To-infinitive).
- الأمر المنفي: نستخدم الصيغة not to + الفعل في المصدر.
اختبار شامل: الكلام المنقول (Reported Speech)
حوّل الجملة المباشرة (Direct Speech) إلى كلام منقول (Reported Speech) واختر الخيار الصحيح. بمجرد الانتهاء، اضغط على الزر أدناه لإظهار جميع الإجابات الصحيحة دفعة واحدة.
1. "I am going to London tomorrow," she said.
(a) She said she is going to London tomorrow. (b) She said she was going to London the next day. (c) She said she went to London the next day.
الإجابة: (b) She said she was going to London the next day. (Present Continuous → Past Continuous; tomorrow → the next day)
2. "We have visited this museum before," they told us.
(a) They told us they had visited that museum before. (b) They told us they visited that museum before. (c) They told us they have visited that museum before.
الإجابة: (a) They told us they had visited that museum before. (Present Perfect → Past Perfect; this → that)
3. "Did you lock the door?" my father asked me.
(a) My father asked me did I lock the door. (b) My father asked me if I had locked the door. (c) My father asked me to lock the door.
الإجابة: (b) My father asked me if I had locked the door. (Simple Past → Past Perfect; استخدام if وتحويل السؤال إلى جملة خبرية)
4. "I can't swim," he explained.
(a) He explained he can\'t swim. (b) He explained he couldn\'t swim. (c) He explained that he couldn\'t to swim.
الإجابة: (b) He explained he couldn\'t swim. (Can\'t → Couldn\'t)
5. "Where is the nearest bank?" she asked.
(a) She asked where was the nearest bank. (b) She asked where the nearest bank was. (c) She asked if the nearest bank was there.
الإجابة: (b) She asked where the nearest bank was. (تحويل السؤال إلى جملة خبرية بعد أداة السؤال)
6. "I will help you with your homework," my friend promised.
(a) My friend promised she would help me with my homework. (b) My friend promised she will help me with my homework. (c) My friend promised to help me with my homework.
الإجابة: (a) My friend promised she would help me with my homework. (Will → Would; تغيير الضمائر I/You → She/Me)
7. "I was driving when the accident happened," he said.
(a) He said he was driving when the accident happened. (b) He said he had been driving when the accident had happened. (c) He said he had been driving when the accident happened. (الماضي التام المستمر للماضي المستمر)
الإجابة: (c) He said he had been driving when the accident happened. (Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous)
8. "Don\'t run in the corridors," the principal ordered.
(a) The principal ordered don\'t run in the corridors. (b) The principal ordered us not to run in the corridors. (c) The principal ordered us to not run in the corridors.
الإجابة: (b) The principal ordered us not to run in the corridors. (الأمر المنفي يستخدم not to + base verb)
9. "I started my new job two days ago," he informed.
(a) He informed that he had started his new job two days ago. (b) He informed that he had started his new job two days before. (c) He informed that he started his new job two days before.
الإجابة: (b) He informed that he had started his new job two days before. (Simple Past → Past Perfect; ago → before)
10. "I may be late," she said.
(a) She said she may be late. (b) She said she might be late. (c) She said she would be late.
الإجابة: (b) She said she might be late. (May → Might)
11. "We must leave now," they insisted.
(a) They insisted that they must leave then. (b) They insisted that they had to leave then. (c) They insisted on leaving now.
الإجابة: (b) They insisted that they had to leave then. (Must → had to / would have to; now → then)
12. "Close the window," she told me.
(a) She told me to close the window. (b) She told me close the window. (c) She told me that I should close the window.
الإجابة: (a) She told me to close the window. (الأمر يستخدم to + base verb)
13. "Are you coming to the party?" he asked.
(a) He asked me are you coming to the party. (b) He asked me if I was coming to the party. (c) He asked me if I came to the party.
الإجابة: (b) He asked me if I was coming to the party. (Present Continuous → Past Continuous; تحويل السؤال إلى جملة خبرية)
14. "I have never been to Paris," she mentioned.
(a) She mentioned she never went to Paris. (b) She mentioned she had never been to Paris. (c) She mentioned I had never been to Paris.
الإجابة: (b) She mentioned she had never been to Paris. (Present Perfect → Past Perfect)
15. "I saw him here yesterday," she claimed.
(a) She claimed she had seen him there the day before. (b) She claimed she saw him there yesterday. (c) She claimed she had seen him here the day before.
الإجابة: (a) She claimed she had seen him there the day before. (Simple Past → Past Perfect; here → there; yesterday → the day before)
16. "I live in New York," he said.
(a) He said he lived in New York. (b) He said he lives in New York. (c) He said that he had lived in New York.
الإجابة: (a) He said he lived in New York. (Simple Present → Simple Past)
17. "We can do this easily," they announced.
(a) They announced that they could do that easily. (b) They announced that they can do that easily. (c) They announced they would do it easily.
الإجابة: (a) They announced that they could do that easily. (Can → Could; this → that)
18. "Will you help me?" she asked her brother.
(a) She asked her brother would he help her. (b) She asked her brother if he would help her. (c) She asked her brother if he will help her.
الإجابة: (b) She asked her brother if he would help her. (Will → Would; تحويل السؤال إلى جملة خبرية)
19. "I finished my work an hour ago," he told his manager.
(a) He told his manager he finished his work an hour before. (b) He told his manager he had finished his work an hour before. (c) He told his manager he had finished his work an hour ago.
الإجابة: (b) He told his manager he had finished his work an hour before. (Simple Past → Past Perfect; ago → before)
20. "Go to bed early," my mother advised.
(a) My mother advised me going to bed early. (b) My mother advised me to go to bed early. (c) My mother advised me go to bed early.
الإجابة: (b) My mother advised me to go to bed early. (النصيحة تستخدم to + base verb)